Jade Dragon Mountain (2015) by Elsa Hart

🏮 Jade Dragon Mountain is Elsa Hart's debut historical mystery novel, set in Dayan, a small mountainous town at the Chinese border with Tibet, in 18th century. Our sleuth is Li Du, an imperial librarian in exile, who is visiting his cousin, who were the magistrate of Dayan, during his journey. Dayan was an insignificant town in the vast empire, but at present it's proudly preparing for the upcoming visit of the Emperor himself, as a total solar eclipse would occur in several days.

🏮 Chinese people at that time believed that the Emperor himself was able to command an astronomical event such as solar eclipse. And it was paramount that his people would watch as the Emperor commanded the sun himself. Failed to do so, he would lose dignity and his people's trust in his divinity. It was going to be a grand spectacle, and the magistrate was dreaming to get promotion had the festival been succeeded. Unfortunately, a murder threatened to thwart the magistrate's plans. And it's up to Li Du to solve it before the Emperor's arrival, or else, his future, too, would equally be bleak.

🏮 The murdered victim was a foreigner, a Jesuit priest called Brother Peter. He died instantly after drinking his tea. The Jesuits had a big influence in the kingdom, as advisers of its Bureau of Astronomy. It was the Jesuits who created annual calendars of astronomical events. And that's how the Emperor actually knew when the next solar eclipse would happen, and timed his arrivals well to arrive in time with it.

🏮 Li Du's investigation revealed the intrigue, conspiracy, and politics inside the magistrate's mansion as well as within the kingdom. Who, among its present occupants, was the murderer? Was it the magistrate himself? Or his first consort, who's afraid to be left alone if the magistrate was to be promoted to Beijing? Could it be the fanatic nationalist of the magistrate's secretary, or the old librarian? Or was it a foreigner who poisoned Brother Peter? There're another Jesuit priest who's staying there, and an East India Company merchant with his fascinating astronomical instrument. One of them could have wanted to do harm.|

🏮 All in all, this was an exciting read. The plot was not very complicated, perhaps. I guessed the whodunnit quite easily. But the historical aspect, the rather long but vivid descriptive mention of the building interior, streets, and public places, made up for it's rather weak plot. The author succeeded in bringing us to the 18th century of China, and her researches were superb. Loved it!

Rating: ⭐⭐⭐⭐

The Knight of Maison-Rouge by Alexandre Dumas

👑 Dumas did it again! Alexandre Dumas père never failed to bring readers to the 18th century France with its heroic chevaliers, swordplay and romantic scenes, in fast-paced, high adventure historical fictions. This book is no different.

👑 The Knight of Maison-Rouge is related to the Marie Antoinette Romances, though it's not part of the series itself. It is set in 1793, right after Louis XVI's death, in what was known as the Reign of Terror - a series of massacres and public executions to those who were not a fervent followers of the Republic, after the French Revolution. Marie Antoinette was in prison with her children and sister, and some Royalists had been plotting to rescue her, with a mysterious man called le chevalier de Maison Rouge as the mastermind.

👑 Our protagonist is a brave Republican, Maurice Lindey. One night he rescued a beautiful mysterious lady who was found on the street alone after curfew, and caught by the National Guard. Unfortunately his infatuation with the woman unwittingly led him into the Royalists' plot.

👑 Although it is not one of Dumas' best or most known works, this historical fiction offers more than just romance and swashbuckling adventure. It provides a glimpse to the humane side of both parties: the royals with their aristocratic followers, and the Republicans. I loved how Dumas portrayed them equally. There's no good side or bad side, it's how the people treated other human beings that made them who they were.

👑 In this story, Marie Antoinette, for instance, is depicted as a woman - like all other women - with compassion. On the other hand, one of her ardent supporters turned out to be selfish and cruel. The same goes to the Republican side; there are brave patriots like Maurice, who fight for humanity cause, but there are also selfish cowards who pretended to be patriotic, but I think they're just poor people who are jealous of the rich aristocrats.

👑 I liked this book, though not a favorite - a perfect book to bring you out of a reading slump, for sure! 😄

Rating: 3,5 / 5

Evelina by Frances Burney

♦️ Evelina, or A Young Lady's Entrance into the World is the complete title of this epistolary novel by a 18th century female British author: Frances Burney. This is my first time reading Burney, and I guess I'd like to read more of her. Though, like any other 18th century literature, Burney's flowery sentences often overwhelmed me, I enjoyed her witty satire very much.

♦️ Evelina can be considered a "half" orphaned girl. Or what would you call a girl whose mother has been denied by her husband (Sir Bellmont), and who then died after giving birth to her (the girl); while the father has never owned her, and so she was raised and educated by a village Reverend?

♦️ This story starts when Evelina's grandmother (her mother's mother) came to claim her. She brought Evelina - until then being sequestered under the Reverend's protection - out in the society; the opera, dinner parties, and what not. You can imagine how she made foolish blunders after blunders, especially in handling young men's attentions.

♦️ There are two particular young men who would take an important influence on Evelina - and kind of shape her future. The one is Sir Clement Willoughby, a boisterous, impertinent young nobleman who pesters Evelina wherever she goes, and forces her to love him. The other is Lord Orville, a charming, polite, and a truly gentleman, whom Evelina sees as a perfect character. And of course, it is this young lord who steals Evelina's gentle and kind heart.

♦️ Most of the chapters seem to be dedicated to tell us how the smitten Evelina, a high educated young woman, is ashamed of the shallow people with whom she is forced to associate with, and tries hard to conceal it from Lord Orville. But circumstances always plunge her to the worst incidents, right when Lord Orville is around to witness it. And that's what make the story more interesting.

♦️ These series of blunders was at first felt tedious to me, but along the way I quite enjoyed the hilarious comical scenes, particularly when I have got used to the tedious sentences.

♦️ It is interesting to learn about society mechanism in 18th century. I was confused, particularly, by the letter from Lord Orville that Evelina thought is impertinent, that she feels thoroughly insulted. I read it twice, and found nothing's wrong. I thought it's over-sensitivity on Evelina, but later on the Reverend has also the same opinion. I guess written communications are more intriguing because we can't hear the "tone", and just have to "read between the lines" to measure the exact sentiment that the writer means to convey. One thing I would've loved to keep from the 18th century is the art of correspondence!

♦️ Overall this is a very enjoyable novel, but only when you read slowly, savoring every passage. Otherwise, it's be just a bunch of tedious letters.

Rating: 4 / 5

The Deerslayer by James Fenimore Cooper

The Deerslayer is the first book of Cooper's Leatherstocking Tale series, although it was the last he had written. The Leatherstocking chronicles an American frontiersman called Nathaniel "Natty" Bumppo in the 18th century. Leatherstocking, if you weren't familiar with the word, means a man who develops survival skill in order to live in the wild, away from civilization. My first acquaintance with Natty is from The Last of the Mohicans, which I loved. Now I intend to read through all the "tale in five acts" as Cooper had called his masterpiece.

Natty "Deerslayer" Bumppo is on his journey to a rendezvous with a Delaware young chief: Chingachgook, who has become like a brother to him. The rendezvous spot is within the Ostego Lake, and the mission is to save Chingachgook's betrothed Wah-ta-Wah (Hist), who was kidnapped by the Hurons tribe. On the way to the Ostego Lake, Natty bumped into Henry "Hurry Harry" March, another frontiersman - a tall, handsome, ruthless young man. Harry himself is on the way to visit his longtime friend, Thomas "Floating Tom" Hutter, an ex pirate who has built a log "castle" in the center of the lake to house his two daughters: the "feeble minded" Hetty Hutter and Judith Hutter. The latter is actually Harry's main object, as he's keen to marry this girl with exceptional beauty.

Thus Natty and Harry journeyed together. Along which we soon learned that Natty is of a truthful and dignified Christian nature, while Harry is rough, arrogant, and selfish human being, who believes that the "Injins" are just one level higher than animals, whose scalps he'd be happy to take for money. Natty, on the contrary, is against taking scalps.

On arriving at the Hutters' Ark - a sturdy construction Hutter has built to float on the lake during wars (thus keep the family safe from bullets or tomahawks range) - the Hurons attacked them. Enraged by this incident, Hutter and Harry decided to take a canoe to the Hurons encampment to take scalps, but they were captured instead. Chingachgook soon joined Deerslayer and the girls inside the Ark, and they found way to ransom Hutter and Harry.

This mission accomplished, Deerslayer then kept his promise to help Chingachgook to free Hist. However, in the process, Deerslayer was caught by the Hurons, who're enraged because he has killed two of their best warriors, who have actually wanted to kill him in the first place. At the same time, the Hurons attacked the Castle for the second time when Hutter and Harry were alone, after their recent freedom. Harry was saved by the others in the Ark, but Hutter was scalped (alive!) by one of the Hurons. It was the most horrifying scene throughout the book, though it came as sort of karma for his ruthlessness! He's dead, of course, soon after, but not before telling his daughters that he is not their biological father.

After being orphaned, Judith is thinking about becoming Deerslayer's wife, as it would be impossible for the girls to live alone in the wilderness. Hitherto she is famous of being coquettish, too liberal with young men; she went to the soldiers' place too often to give her bad reputation. But after knowing Deerslayer, she gradually transformed into a different person. The question that remains, after they were saved from the Hurons, is whether Deerslayer would accept Judith's proposal, and what happen to her next.

The Deerslayer is not just about life and adventures in the wilderness. It talks a lot about death and after life; about God and religions, viewed from both the whites and the Indians. From these different views, I concluded that Cooper wanted to convey that, embracing the diversity is what God teaches us. It's impossible to own one's Chistianity while at the same time regards other religions and/races as one's inferiors. That to leave peacefully is to respect others who is different from us - their cultures, their believes, their ways of thinking. How beautiful is a friendship between two human beings, born totally different from each other, but can embrace their differences to create a perfect harmony based on equality, such as Deerslayer's and Chingachgook's.

Other theme which interested me is how society (in the voice of Cooper) treated women. I'm so disappointed on Cooper's decision on Judith Hutter's fate in the end of the novel. Yes, she is cocquetish and much into herself in the beginning of the novel (from Hurry March and Natty's conversation). But after that she reveals more and more qualities of a good woman: intelligence, bravery, independence, humility, and unselfishness. While Copper talked much about morality and Christianity in this book, couldn't he "forgive" Judith from her past follies and give her redemption? Why did Hurry Harry "escaped" from the scene unharmed (while his sins are greater than Judith's)? So, a man can kill others recklessly, and he's only been rebuked, but when a woman gets bad reputation (though it might just be rumors by the men), she is damned with nothing to have saved her. Hawthorne is, at least, more lenient to Hester Prynne in The Scarlett Letter, by giving her a second chance (though far from ideal). I don't know whether this "damnation" is really Cooper's view of women's role in society, or it is in accordance with his criticism of moral corruption of most of the settlers/frontiersmen. Hopefully it is of the latter; what do you think?

Rating: 4/5

The Vicar of Wakefield by Oliver Goldsmith

The Vicar of Wakefield is the first and only novel of Oliver Goldsmith. I learned from Wikipedia, that Goldsmith was so poor after finishing the manuscript, that he could not pay his rent and was held hostage by his landlady. He sent for his close friend, a Dr. Samuel Johnson, who came and read Goldsmith's manuscript, found it worthy of publication, then sold it to a bookstore, and by giving the money to the landlady, freed poor Goldsmith.

Doctor Charles Primrose is the Vikar of Wakefield. He lives contentedly and comfortably in a country parish with his wife and seven children, thanks to his inheritance from a close relative and an investment. On the wedding night of his eldest son, George, with a wealthy girl, the vicar lost his fortunes through the bankruptcy of the investor, to whom he has invested the money. This is only the first of a series of calamities which will befall the family.

When they were on the journey to a small parish, where they would live a new life, Sophia - the youngest daughter - was thrown from the horse and nearly sunk into the river, but for the help of a Mr. Bulcher - a kind, sympathetic gentleman who has been travelling with the family.

The new landlord is the 'Squire Thornhill, who is infamously a womanizer. He introduced himself, to the family, befriended them, and seemed to be attracted the girls. Now, it's Mrs. Primrose's secret ambition to marry her two daughters - Olivia, the eldest and Sophia - to their better ones. She and the girls found hopes in Mr. Thornhill, and began to work up things to appear above their real circumstances, despite the vicar's disagreement. This brought more calamities to the family; until the vicar went to the debtor prison, and three of his children were apparently ruined. That's the deepest abyss any family could be plunged into. But don't worry, they will get salvation in the end, and the story will be closed in a happy ending.

The Vicar of Wakefield is a tale, and was intended as a comic novel. No wonder, the plot is too romantic and unreal. There are so many calamities alternately befall on the family, and with "perfect" timing too, that makes it unreal. Too many, that it instantly reminded me of Job (from the Book of Job). This style is not quite suitable for my taste (is most 18th century novels like that? I haven't read many, so I can't say). But the message is quite clear. Even if it's not, a parable told by one of the vicar's boys (I forgot which) highlights this single message Goldsmith wanted to convey. The parable is titled "A Giant and a Dwarf".

It's about two close friends, the giant and the dwarf, who, despite of their differences, decide to go for adventures together. However, with all his disadvantages, the dwarf sacrifices more that the giant, because to fight the same battle, the dwarf must take more effort than his friend, that in the end the reward doesn't worth the pain. And so, when the giant proposes to go for their last adventure, the dwarf rejects: [giant] 'My little heroe, this is glorious sport; let us get one victory more, and then we shall have honour for ever. No, cries the Dwarf who was by this time grown wiser, no, I declare off; I’ll fight no more; for I find in every battle that you get all the honour and rewards, but all the blows fall upon me.’ 

Most interestingly, the vicar didn't have time to 'preach' the morality of the parable. For otherwise, it would be very obvious that he's a hypocrite. And that's how clever Goldsmith was. For, by putting the pen in the vicar's hand, he couldn't have taken the role as the omniscience voice, and thus he'd let us readers to realize and learn it by ourselves. And that makes this satire becomes more satirical than if the tale has been told in first POV.

For me, it's an okay reading. Quite entertaining, though not of my taste.

Rating: 3,5 / 5

The Mysteries of Udolpho by Ann Radcliffe

I must say, this was one of the most difficult reads I have ever tackled. As a mystery enthusiast, I thought it would delight me, as The Mysteries of Udolpho has been praised as inspiration for many mystery writers in the centuries after. At first it looked like it. I loved to find that St. Aubert, Emily, and even Valancourt, were nature enthusiasts. I enjoyed reading the beautiful sceneries during their journey around the Alpines. But then, after the death of Mr. Saint-Aubert, and Emily must (according to Saint-Aubert's last wish) live with her aunt, things began to alternate from bad to worse, to bad, to even much worse; especially during her stay in the Castle of Udolpho - the home of the wicked Montoni, to whom Emily's aunt married not long after Emily's stay with her.

Misfortunes came flooding with every change, and everytime you think this one is the worst of all previous, something more wicked would come. At first, you could relate very much with Emily's misfortunes, but after a while you would feel dullness in both the heart and mind. Like something that terrified you so badly at first, but after some repetition, well... it's not so terrifying anymore in the end, you’d feel numbed.

It's doubly torturing because Emily, the heroine, is a calm and loving creature. That she must endure the selfishness, coldness, and shallowness of others, the disgust over Montoni's wickedness, her complete helpfulness to protect her own life and honor, not mentioning her superstitions (which was not unusual at that era), the gloomy atmosphere of a Castle Udolpho, and her fear lest her lover has betrayed her or even dead (which one is worse, anyway?) - why, I was almost surprised that any human being could get through all that safely!

Have you felt depressed already from reading my review? Well, beware that you don't read this book during your gloomiest mood!

It would have been a perfect Halloween read, if only Ann Ratcliffe hadn't thrown every ingredient of horror and evil at a single human being that it seems almost impossible to bear. Well, tired is what I felt after finishing the story. Ann is a great Gothic writer, but never again would I read The Mysteries of Udolpho!

Note: I have read this last year (in October), but just couldn’t spare enough time to write a proper review till now.

Final rating: 3 to 5

Gulliver’s Travels

Okay, so I was wrong—Gulliver’s Travels turned out NOT ONLY about Liliput! And it is certainly not a children’s book, although the Liliput part is often adapted into children’s tales. It is written as a travel journal of a navy surgeon called Lemuel Gulliver. He joined several ships, but bad luck forced him to be stranded on strange lands. Liliput was only his first part of adventure, where he found himself in a land inhabited by a race of tiny people: Liliput. He finally could get home but not long after, involved in another sailing ship. He was abandoned by his companions, and soon found himself in the midst of a gigantic race of Brobdingnab. Gulliver’s next adventure was in a floating nation of Laputa, after his ship was being attacked by pirates. But the most inspiring journey, both for Gulliver and for his readers), might be that in the country of the Houyhnhnms—a race of talking horses.

As Gulliver has often mentioned throughout the book, his journal was not intended to amuse readers with fascinated adventures, but rather to introduce them of other civilizations so that we can learn to be a better race. I think Swift wrote it to satirize the political situation and humanity values at that time. The way Gulliver was stranded among, first, tiny people; then gigantic race, showed how superiority and inferiority stand among us—it’s not about who we are, but with whom we live. When Gulliver was in Liliput, he urinated on their castle on pretext of extinguishing the fire, without much remorse. But when he was in Brobdingnab, Gulliver became much more sensitive and was easily offended by (what the Brobdingnab people thought as) some trifles.

Gulliver’s changes of mood between adventures showed how we are strongly influenced by the society. When he was at Liliput, he boasted about his native country, England, and thought the Liliputians as unscrupulous. But when he was with the Houyhnhnms, he began to think of his fellows as disgusting. It also showed that humans are molded by habits; the longer you take it, the longer you can shake it. I didn’t take particular notes, but I think Gulliver’s stay in Houyhnhnms was longer than his others’, and so it was hard for him to get used to live in his old civilization.

Although Swift presented us a lot of fascinated adventures in strange lands, it is not easy to enjoy this book. Maybe because it was intended to be a journal, with flat and monotonous sentences, and with many statistics and scientific methods; which fittingly placed Gulliver’s Travels in Enlightenment lit category.

Three stars for Gulliver’s Travels.

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I read Penguin English Library paperback

This book is counted as:

5^th book for Literary Movement Reading Challenge (Enlightenment)

2^nd book for Back to the Classics Challenge 2015 (Classic Children’s Book)

Baca Bareng BBI 2015 (Mar: Book adapted to movie)

90^th book for The Classics Club Project

The Sorrows of Young Werther

Once in your lifetime, there would be a moment when everything seems smooth and feels right, that you know you are producing something bigger than anything you have done so far; The Sorrows of Young Werther might have been that of Goethe! In Chinese philosophy, there is a concept called Wu Wei, which literally means non-action or non-doing. The Chinese believes that there will be times when we don’t have to fight so hard to achieve something. All you have to do is to wait for that perfect moment to come, when you don’t have to work so hard, yet everything complies with your wish, then voila….your masterpiece! Goethe wrote Werther after being acquainted with a young man named Jerusalem, whose faith had similarity with his own. He finished the book in four weeks without making any preliminary plans or putting it down on notes before. And from the result (especially the ending) I could see how much Goethe has poured out his emotion into it. So intense and powerful was it, that I have lost my mood to read the rest of his writings for several days.

Werther is a young man with passionate temperament who was staying on a village. He wrote letters to his friend William, telling him all about what he has done and how his feeling was from day to day. These letters were woven into this epistolary novel. Most of the letters were about Werther’s infatuation with a peasant girl named Charlotte (he called her Lotte). They had a lot in common, and although Lotte didn’t return his feeling but engaged and married to another man, they became intimate friends. But Werther could not get rid of Lotte from his life; his love for her was too strong. The last letters he wrote to William showed how much his mental was disturbed. It affected his artistic mind too, that he was unable to paint, or even do, anything.

Werther should be a perfect reading for those who have interest in psychology; a bit similar with the troubled Philip in Of Human Bondage, though Philip’s sorrows were more complex, as the root of his problems did not come from passionate love, but from the lack of universal love. From Werther I learned to always have control and balance over our own life. Sometimes we need to follow our feelings, but at other time, when you do not feel happy, there must be something wrong in what you are doing. Your rational side must take over to make yourself balanced. The art of life is in the balancing our two poles to drive our lives to happiness.

Looking at the style, Goethe might be more suitable to Romanticism than Enlightenment. The melancholy atmosphere and his flowery sentences in Werther were very romantic. However, his regard over life (and particularly in suicides) gave him a little credit to be in the Enlightenment too, in his reasoning against traditional values praised in the Renaissance. In fact, Goethe was one of the proponents of the new movement called Sturm und Drang (=Storm and Drive) in German, which succeeded The Enlightenment, and prepared for the coming of Romanticism. Its uniqueness was in the extreme emotional expression, which you can undoubtedly find in Werther.

Five stars for Goethe and his almost autobiographical story of the young Werther!

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I read Signet Classics paperback

This book is counted as:

4^th book for Literary Movement Reading Challenge:Enlightenment

89^th book for The Classics Club Project

Sense and Sensibility

Confession: I have been dreading reading Jane Austen since I took The Classics Club project. Why? Because I regarded her books as chicklit—or chicklit in 18^th century style if you like. Basically, romance is never my favorite genre, unless it’s only an added touch to a much serious topic. So, when I joined Jenna’s Austen in August, I was really gambling; I didn’t know what I was about to read, and even was not sure whether I would finish it. But at least, I said to myself, I would be able to say in the end of the event, that I have tried. So, I picked Sense and Sensibility, more because it was the lightest of all. I have tried once to read Pride and Prejudice, but could not get through more than one chapter.

Sense and Sensibility is more or less a character analysis of the society around 17^th century, where Austen lived. In particular, it’s about Elinor and Marianne Dashwood—the sense and the sensibility. The sisters are from middle class family, and in age to find a husband—like any girls of their age in that century. Austen brought us to see the different approach of both sisters in trying to secure their love lives. Elinor—strong and reserved—used more of her logic than emotion; while Marianne—expressive and emotional—used her emotion more than logic. They were both so different, but they loved and took care of each other so well. Elinor fell in love with the simple and shy Edward Ferrars, while Marianne was attracted to the handsome and flamboyant Willoughby. Everyone but Elinor was deceived by both men’s manners. I think you would guess the end of both men, although—as usual—there will be twists before all ended up, quite predictably.

Of the two, I think I prefer Elinor; maybe because I am more like her than Marianne. Elinor could see things deeper, and could separate the essential from the trivial. While Marianne, who only saw the outer appearance or things on the surface, were often deceived. I think Elinor’s qualities made her tougher, the qualities I like from a woman and a friend. Expressive person like Marianne is used to bore and tire me; and they are often more vulnerable too.

Beyond the sisters, I also learned about different types of people in the society, which Austen satirized cleverly in this book. Her idea to portrait how people treated marriage as merely business, was very witty, but I think her style was rather flat and boring. The first half was almost nonsense that I seriously thought to dump it. But, fortunately, I refused to give up, as someone said that it will pick up if I keep staying with it. And it was.

In the end, what did I get? Not much. I can say now that I have read Jane Austen at least one book, but beyond that, I am at the same stage as before. I do not like her book. Period. And I think it would be the end of it. I don’t despise her; it’s just that her style does not fit my taste.

Three stars for Sense and Sensibility.

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I read e-book from feedbooks dot com

This book is counted as:

Austen in August

77^th book for The Classics Club Project

76^th book for 1001 Books You Must Read Before You Die

The Last of the Mohicans

Thanks to Cooper’s The Last of the Mohicans, I learned for the first time in my life, the French-Indian war which took place in North America in 18^th century. In this war, British America (colony of Great Britain) and New France (colony of France) fought for trades and colonies along the American frontiers. As New France armies were outnumbered, they sought helps from the native Indian tribes.

General Munro and his armies were in Fort William Henry, when Cora and Alice—Munro’s daughters—travelled there in great danger to meet their father. They were escorted by Major Duncan Heyward, a respectable leader in the Royal Army, who was also falling in love with young Alice. As there was a risk of being ambushed by native Indians, or by the French armies who were on the way to take William Henry Fort from Munro, they recruited an Indian guide, Magua—from Huron tribe. On the way they met a white scout, Hawk-Eye, with his Indian companions Chingachgook and his son Uncas, the only survival of once great Mohican tribe. They warned Heyward that a Huron is not trustworthy, and Magua will mislead them. Magua escaped, so then Hawkeye and the Mohicans escorted Heyward and the two ladies, accompanied also by a psalm-singer called David Gamut.

After that, Cooper took us for an exciting adventure through the wild forest, meeting the Indian natives, fought them, and even visited their encampment. All of these, they went through in great danger. Many times Hawkeye and the Mohicans saved them from being scalped, and they even rescued their British friends when the Hurons captured them. Magua wanted to take revenge to Munro by forcing Cora to be his wife. Later on when Munro was forced to surrender the fort, and the armies were on the leave, the Hurons massacred many of them. In the chaos, Magua captured Cora for the second time, together with Alice and David. Now Munro, Heyward, Hawk-Eye, Chingachgook, and Uncas must race against time to rescue them. In the end, it would be a battle between the Delawares (from where the Mohicans came from) and Huron tribe.

The Last of the Mohicans is about the relationship between the whites and the natives, as well as between the native tribes themselves. If we traced down the history—and it was mentioned in the book—the main cause of it all is white people’s colonialism and their bad influences over the natives. Hawk-Eye told Heyward that the Delaware tribes (contained of six nations) were brothers on the beginning, until the Dutch traders landed on 1609, and introduced them to alcoholic drinks. The ‘poison’ brought to separation and disunity. And, like all colonialism and greediness of the conquerors, the natives who owned the land were expelled from their territory, to make place for the colonialists. Later on (not in this novel, though), the American even deliberately brought the Indians into destruction by their continual genocides act (American Indian Holocaust).

However, among the hatred and battles, sweet relationship could spring of the natives and the whites. The bond between Hawk-Eye and both Chingachgook and Uncas was very close; even closer, perhaps, than blood brothers. Although implicitly, we can also see that Uncas and Cora were attracted to each other. *spoiler alert* Interestingly, though, Cooper killed both youth before they even expressed their love to each other. Maybe Cooper just thought that their love was too impossible? *spoiler end*

I loved this book, although Cooper is rather spendthrift with words—like Mark Twain said (Twain re-write The Last of the Mohicans, and found that Cooper has ‘used 100 extra and unnecessary words in the original version’). I enjoyed the fast-paced adventure, the thrill of the Indian’s whoop which precede battles, and the funny moments when Hawk-Eye disguised as bear; but especially I loved to follow the calm and dignified attitude of Uncas and his father in any condition.

I am always sad everytime I read about Indian vs white people; because it reminds me how evil and egoist men are towards their brothers. How ironical it is, that they who profess to be Christian, could act so very unchristian, while the natives are much Christian than them. This book also reminds me that colonialism will always exist—in different shape maybe—but it will always be there, as long as the stronger keep oppressing the weaker; just like what Tamenund said in the ending: “The palefaces are masters of the earth, and the time of the Red Men has not yet come again.”

Five stars for The Last of the Mohicans!

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I read the Penguin Popular Classics paperback edition

This book is counted as:

4^th book for Back To The Classics 2014 (A Wartime Classic)

^70th book for 1001 Books You Must Read Before You Die

2^nd book for Historical Fiction Challenge (for 2014)

71^st book for The Classics Club Project

Kidnapped

Right after reading few chapters of Kidnapped, I instantly saw the similarity with Treasure Island. The strange thing is, I totally forgot at that time that Treasure Island is also Robert Louis Stevenson’s adventure story! No wonder that those two are so alike, although Kidnapped is much more than just an adventure story.

David Balfour is a seventeen year Scottish lad that has just become an orphan. It was at 1751, when Scotland suffered from the dispute between the Lowlander and Highlander (Jacobites). His dead father left him a letter and instruction to be brought to the house of Shaws, who appeared to be David’s uncle. Imagining that he was having a situation there, Ebenezer Balfour treated him badly; he tried to murder him but failed; then he conspired with a captain of a brig to kidnap David and sell him as a slave. All was done so that David could never touch his inheritance.

David was a prisoner on board of Covenant, a brig of the villain Captain Hoseason and his gang. He saw the injustice and even a murder done by them. Fortunately, another ship wrecked, and a survived gentleman was taken into Covenant. The gentleman was a Highlander and enemy of the Campbell (King’s agent), called Alan Breck Stewart. Having overheard the Captain and the crew’s plan to murder Alan, David made an alliance with Alan to fight them back. Unfortunately the ship wrecked, and David, separated from others, was washed ashore in the inhabited isle of Earraid, where he cast away for several months, but then managed to return to the land.

Reunited with Alan, David accidentally witnessed the murder of Colin Roy Campbell, and wrongly accused. So now, Alan and David, having come from different clan (David is a Lowlander) were now in the same ‘ship’. Through difficulties and dangers they both fled. And through this journey and adventure, an intimate bound of friendship was built upon David and Alan. The question is, how would it end, considering that they were supposed to be enemies?

One most interesting aspect of this adventure story is the historical setting and facts. Many of the characters (especially those involved in the dispute of Lowlander and Highlander) were really exist in the history of Scotland, including Alan Breck himself. Through David’s eyes, Stevenson brought us to witness and learn one of Scottish histories during the Jacobite rising. Another strong point that makes Kidnapped not an ordinary adventure story, is the Scottish atmosphere that we’d find throughout the story. I was having difficulties of understanding many Scottish idioms and dialect in the first chapters, but along the way, I began to be familiar with it, and I think, overall, the Scottish nuance has added a unique value to this book.

One thing (and an important one, at least for me) that didn’t fit my expectation is the ending. Adventure stories, just like mysteries, used to have a conclusive ending. Anyway, adventures’ pace is set such that it will reach climax at the end, and that—I believe—is the chief point of writing an adventure story. Unfortunately, Stevenson did not provide that conclusive ending for Kidnapped. I read elsewhere that there are two possibilities: 1) Perhaps Stevenson was worried that his ending might contradict the history; or: 2) Kidnapped was planned to be followed by a sequel; and thus the hanging ending was applied to curious the readers.

Whatever the real reason, the ending is so dissatisfying and so abrupt that at first I was suspicious that my ebook was corrupted or something. Well, it was clearly what Stevenson has put is the real ending, and it forced me to take back a half star from the rating I originally gave this book. Three and a half stars finally, for Kidnapped, and I really wish it has a better ending!....

~~~~~~~~

*I read ebook version from Gutenberg Project*

*This book is counted as:*

4^th book for Fun Year Event With Children Literature

7^th book for Historical Fiction Challenge 2013

7^th book for Back to the Classics 2013

54^th book for The Classics Club Project

Candide by Voltaire

Candide is a philosophical story set around the world in 18^th century. It depicted a young man who lived in a paradise-like country of Westphalia. He was brought up by a Baron, and fell in love with the Baron’s daughter, the fair Cunégonde. Candide was educated by a philosopher called Pangloss. Pangloss believed that all in the world is created for the best, so even if there are evil and catatstrophe, they are meant to lead mankind to something better at the end. With this philosophy stick on his brain, Candide took his journey around the world after being kicked out by the Baron for seducing Cunégonde.

Having been experiencing real life, the innocent Candide was confronted with so many unfortunate events, evil, corrupt men, greed, and deception. All those times he was bewildered at the evils and injustices, and started questioning whether Pangloss had taught him wrong. Candide even held to his believe in “pure nature is good” principle, although he had just escaped of being eaten by the Oreillons, thanks to Pangloss’ principle.

As a novella, Candide is very uniquely written by Voltaire. If you have ever read Baudolino by Umberto Eco, you will see a style similarity with Candide. Both Candide and Baudolino involved in not only one historical event, but hopping to many of them through some comical and absurd incidents. Like Baudolino, Candide also sailed to many countries, met historical important persons, and presented with many cultures and religions during his journey to unite with Cunégonde. But only at El Dorado that Candide found only happiness and beauty. He was even be made richer than any Kings on earth because all soil and pebbles in El Dorado were made from gold and other precious stones (for outsider) but were treated as just soil and pebbles.

I think it is clear that Voltaire wanted to criticize Leibniz’ theory of “all is for the best”. This German philosopher believed that all is for the best because God is perfect, so everything He created must be perfect. I thought about this long after I finished this novella—and am still thinking about it when I am writing this post. My thought is split in two reasoning. In one way I agree with Voltaire that men should not take his life for granted by expecting that at the end everything should turn to good; we must work hard for it. But on the other hand, I agree at some points—at some points only—with Leibniz’ theory too, that God always provides the best for us, He wants to give us only the best, but only if we truly believe in Him and want it.

So what is best is, I think, if we do our best, and let God do the rest. In a way Candide (or Voltaire) was right, we must work to gain happiness. But we must also realize that we do not know what is best for ourselves, and in that case, we must trust God that He will give us what is best.

And before I end this review, here is one passage that has intrigued me, it’s a discussion between Martin (one of Candide’s philosopher and friend) and Candide, of course at the same topic of the optimistic. Candide was asking Martin whether he believed that men have always done evils.

M: “Do you believe that hawks have always eaten pigeons when they have found them?”

C: “Yes, without doubt.”

M: “Well, then, if hawks have always had the same character, why should you imagine that men may have changed theirs?”

C: “Oh! There is a vast deal of difference, for free will—“

There Voltaire ended the discussion abruptly, but I disagree with Martin. He believed that evil was men’s character, and that was—just like in hawks—their nature; and that the world has been created to ‘plague us to death’. I believe that since God is good and perfect, He created us good, and meant us for the best. However, God grants us the free will—as Candide was about to mention in that discussion—to make the choice ourselves, to be good or evil. Men do have both good and evil in them, but we also have the free will to make choices.

I granted three stars for Candide as a story with all the funny comical adventures, and a half star for making me drown to a deep reflection about life. Thank you Voltaire!

~~~~~

*I read ebook from Gutenberg Project*

*This book is counted for*

 34^th book for The Classics Club Project

2^nd book for New Authors Reading Challenge 2013

5^th book for What's In a Name Reading Challenge2013

A Tale of Two Cities: Kisah 2 Kota

Diperlukan sebuah pengorbanan besar demi mencapai sesuatu yang lebih baik. Tampaknya pesan inilah yang hendak diusung oleh Charles Dickens dalam salah satu masterpiece-nya, yang menjadi salah satu novel paling terkenal dalam sejarah penerbitan literatur di dunia ini: A Tale of Two Cities. Dan pengorbanan itu berlaku dalam cinta maupun dalam tatanan kehidupan, seperti halnya buku ini berkisah tentang cinta dan kesengsaraan hidup. Revolusi Prancis merupakan tonggak perubahan dalam negara itu; pergolakan rakyat kelas bawah terhadap kekejaman dan keserakahan kaum aristrokat yang selama itu berkuasa. Meski demikian—sesuai judulnya—A Tale of Two Cities ini tidak hanya ber-setting di Prancis saja, namun juga di London.

Kisah dibuka dengan perjalanan seorang bankir Inggris bernama Tuan Jarvis Lorry dari Inggris ke Prancis demi membawa pulang seorang pria yang telah 18 tahun dipenjara dengan tidak adil, meski tak bersalah. Pria itu adalah Dokter Manette. Bersama dengan Tuan Lorry, ikut juga Lucie Manette—anak gadis Dokter Manette—yang mengira ayahnya selama ini telah meninggal. Saat itu Dokter Manette tinggal di rumah pemilik kedai anggur bernama Defarge, yang dulu adalah pelayan sang dokter. Ada sesuatu yang aneh di kedai anggur ini, yaitu Madame Defarge yang selalu duduk diam sambil merajut. Ya, ia tak henti-hentinya merajut. Acuh pada keadaan sekelilingnya dan tetap konsentrasi pada rajutannya. Apa yang dirajutnya itu? Ternyata jawabannya kelak erat berkaitan dengan inti kisah ini…

ilustrasi kedai anggur Defarge, dengan Mme Defarge yang asyik merajut

Singkat kata, Tuan Lorry berhasil menyelamatkan Dokter Manette sehingga sang Dokter hidup berbahagia dengan putrinya, Lucie di Inggris. Namun ketenangan mereka tak berlangsung lama. Suatu hari mereka harus menjadi saksi di pengadilan seorang pemuda bernama Charles Darnay, yang dituduh sebagai pengkhianat negara. Saat itu Darnay dan Lucie langsung jatuh cinta. Kelak ketika Darnay hendak menikahi Lucie, barulah Dokter Manette mengetahui bahwa Charles Darnay sebenarnya adalah kemenakan Marquis Evrémonde yang kejam—lambang eksploitasi kaum aristokrat terhadap rakyat miskin di Prancis pada jaman itu. Charles Dickens menggambarkan kekejaman itu lewat acuhnya sang Marquis ketika kereta kudanya yang melaju cepat menabrak seorang bayi di jalanan. Tak heran bila kemudian rakyat pun berontak dengan membunuh dan membakar kastil sang Marquis. Di titik ini benih-benih pemberontakan rakyat miskin yang telah lama tertindas mulai tumbuh. Lalu bagaimana dengan kemenakannya? Karena muak dengan kesemena-menaan kaum aristrokasi, Darnay melarikan diri dari Prancis sambil melepaskan kebangsawanannya, lalu tinggal sebagai rakyat biasa di London.

Bersamaan dengan lamaran Darnay untuk mempersunting Lucie, ada seorang pengacara malas, pemabuk dan selalu berpenampilan acak-acakan yang juga menyatakan cintanya kepada Lucie. Si pengacara—Sydney Carton namanya—secara tak langsung telah menyelamatkan Darnay dari tiang gantungan saat di pengadilan dulu, berkat wajah mereka berdua yang mirip. Sejak pengadilan itu, Carton menjadi sahabat keluarga Manette selain Tuan Lorry. Sydney Carton adalah contoh manusia yang tak berguna dan takkan pernah menjadi orang penting, apalagi pahlawan. Namun demikian, saat menyatakan cintanya pada Lucie, Carton berjanji bahwa ia bersedia untuk mengorbankan apa saja demi Lucie dan semua orang yang dicintainya.

Sementara itu benih-benih kebencian yang selama ini telah ditaburkan oleh kejahatan kaum aristrokat perlahan-lahan bersemi dalam bentuk pergerakan rakyat miskin. Dengan kata sandi “Jacques”, topi khas warna merah dan emblem tiga-warna, kelompok ini mempersenjatai para petani dan pekerja, dan pada hari paling bersejarah bagi Prancis—14 Juli 1789—mereka pun merebut penjara Bastille dan dengan demikian mengakhiri kekuasaan monarki. Kaum bangsawan dan keluarganya ditangkap dan dibantai. Di sinilah diperkenalkan alat penyiksa terbaru yang kemudian menjadi sangat terkenal—terkenal karena kekejamannya tentu saja: La Guillotine. Charles Darnay adalah salah satu calon korban sang “wanita tajam” ini (sebutan yang ironis terhadap guillotine yang dalam bahasa Prancis merupakan kata benda yang menyandang “genre” feminine). Karena Darnay adalah keturunan bangsawan, maka ia beresiko untuk dihukum mati pula.

ilustrasi perebutan Penjara Bastille

ilustrasi dandanan para revolusioner

Maka sekali lagi, kawan-kawan kita dihadapkan pada masalah yang pelik. Rencana penyelamatan harus kembali disusun, meski nampaknya sia-sia berkat sebuah rahasia besar yang hingga saat itu baru terungkap. Berhasilkah mereka? Dan kalau begitu, siapakah pahlawan sesungguhnya dalam kisah ini?

Membaca A Tale of Two Cities ini kita seolah menyantap hidangan dengan aneka macam rasa di satu piring. Yang pertama, ada tema sejarah Revolusi Prancis yang membuat kita mengetahui akar dari salah satu revolusi paling terkenal dan yang mempengaruhi seluruh dunia itu. Kedua, tema kesengsaraan dan pengorbanan yang harus terjadi untuk mencapai sebuah kebangkitan. Revolusi adalah contoh kongkritnya. Begitu banyak nyawa jatuh dalam balas dendam yang amat kejam. Namun, tanpa revolusi itu takkan pernah terjadi perubahan, rakyat miskin pun akan terus menjadi korban. Di sisi yang lebih abstrak, pengorbanan yang seutuhnya dibutuhkan, agar kehidupan yang jauh lebih baik dari orang-orang yang kita cintai dapat tumbuh dan bersemi. Bak benih yang mati lalu jatuh ke tanah. Bukannya binasa, ia justru akan menumbuhkan kehidupan yang baru.

Sepertinya Charles Dickens pun hendak berbicara tentang bagaimana manusia harus bersikap tentang kejahatan dan penindasan. Di satu sisi kelompok pemberontak yang dengan kejam menyiksa dan membantai kaum bangsawan dengan tak pandang bulu. Bukan saja mereka yang memang suka menyiksa seperti Marquis, tapi juga seluruh keluarganya—termasuk wanita dan anak-anak yang tak berdosa. Kalau begitu, lalu apa bedanya mereka dengan para aristrokrat yang mereka hujat itu? Toh akhirnya mereka sama-sama membunuh dengan keji?

Nah, di sisi lainnya ada Dokter Manette yang mengalami ketidakadilan dan kesengsaraan selama 18 tahun. Bahkan saking parahnya penderitaan itu, ia harus mengkompensasikannya dengan bekerja tekun membuat sepatu, demi agar otaknya beralih ke pekerjaan rutin alih-alih memikirkan deritanya. Akibatnya, bahkan setelah ia bebas, tiap kali ia merasa depresi, Dokter Manette harus kembali bekerja membuat sepatu. Namun anda akan melihat di akhir kisah ini, betapa besar pengampunan Dokter Manette pada orang yang—kalau meminjam cara pandang kaum revolusioner—harusnya adalah orang yang paling ia benci.

Charles Dickens sepertinya mau mengatakan bahwa ketika kejahatan kita balas dengan kejahatan, maka kejahatanlah yang kelak akan membalas kita juga. Sebaliknya, ketika kejahatan kita balas dengan kebaikan, maka berarti kita telah menang terhadap kejahatan, dan kebaikanlah yang akan kita genggam, bukan hanya bagi kita sendiri, tapi juga anak cucu dan semua yang kita cintai. Pada akhirnya, cinta jualah yang selalu menang, bukan?

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Seperti biasa, Charles Dickens selalu menyisipkan ironi yang terbungkus humor di sana-sini di karya-karyanya, seperti juga di buku ini. Kisah yang menawan ditambah dengan gaya penulisan Charles Dickens yang cantik, membuatku tak ragu menganugerahkan lima bintang untuk A Tale of Two Cities ini, meski tetap ada hal-hal yang terasa aneh bagiku. Bukan hal-hal yang mendasar, hanya detil-detil yang nampaknya sepele tapi tetap membuatku tetap berpikir: “bagaimana bisa…?”. Tambahan lagi aku kurang sreg dengan cover terjemahan Elex Media ini. Bunga-bunga warna merah jambu yang mengelilingi guilootine dan font judul yang berwarna merah jambu itu terasa terlalu romantis, seolah-olah ini kisah romance biasa. Meski aku paham, mungkin ilustratornya ingin menunjukkan ironi dari kekejaman dan cinta yang menjadi tema utama kisah ini, tapi tetap saja… Aku lebih suka cover-cover aslinya yang lebih terasa klasiknya, dan Revolusi Prancis-nya tergambar jelas di sana, seperti ini...

Terlepas dari detil-detil yang mengganggu itu, A Tale of Two Cities tetap salah satu karya klasik dunia yang mempesonaku. Bravo Charles Dickens!

*Review ini dibuat tepat di hari bersejarah: Hari Ulang Tahun ke 200 Charles Dickens (7 Februari 1812 – 7 Februari 2012), sebagai “hadiah” dariku bagi Charles Dickens.*

Judul: Kisah Dua Kota

Judul asli: A Tale of Two Cities

Penulis: Charles Dickens

Penerjemah: Peusy Sharmaya

Penerbit: Elex Media Komputindo

Terbit: 2010

Tebal: 564 hlm

Treasure Island

Jauh sebelum The Pirates of Caribbean mempesona kita di layar lebar, seorang penulis Skotlandia dari abad 19 telah terlebih dahulu mempopulerkan kisah tentang bajak laut dan perburuan harta karun di pulau tropis Karibia. Treasure Island karya Robert Louis Stevenson ini kemungkinan besar menjadi pelopor terciptanya mitos bajak laut berkaki satu dengan burung kakak tua bertengger di pundaknya, peta harta karun dan perahu model sekunar. Kisah ini pertama kali diterbitkan sebagai buku pada tahun 1883.

Entah mengapa, Robert Louis Stevenson memilih membuka kisah ini dengan kedatangan seseorang bernama Biily Bones yang jelas-jelas dari penampilannya menunjukkan bahwa ia seorang bajak laut. Bajak laut itu bertubuh tinggi besar, dan pada suatu hari ia muncul begitu saja ke penginapan Admiral Benbow di Inggris sambil membawa koper hitamnya yang dijaganya bak harta karun.

Setelah berhari-hari tinggal di penginapan itu, Jim Hawkins --remaja pria berusia 17 tahun putra pemilik penginapan itu—makin tertarik saja pada Billy Bones yang tampaknya sedang bersembunyi. Billy menyuruh Jim berhati-hati bila seseorang berkaki satu yang sangat ditakutinya muncul. Namun sebelum itu terjadi, Billy terserang stroke lalu meninggal.

Ketika menggeledah koper Billy untuk mengambil uang untuk mengganti biaya penginapan, Jim menemukan sebuah bungkusan misterius dan langsung mengambilnya. Untunglah, karena tak lama setelahnya beberapa bajak laut menggeledah penginapan itu untuk mendapatkan bungkusan itu!

Bersama Dokter Livesey dan Hakim Trelawney, Jim menemukan bahwa bungkusan misterius itu adalah sebuah peta harta karun! Sebenarnya sebelum meninggal, Billy sempat bercerita kepada Jim tentang bajak laut paling ditakuti bernama Kapten Flint, dengan siapa ia dulu berlayar bersama. Tampaknya (dan sebenarnya inilah awal mula kisah ini yang sebenarnya) Kapten Flint pernah menyembunyikan harta karun jarahannya bersama anak buahnya di kapal Walrus, di sebuah pulau di Karibia. Tak seorang pun anak buahnya yang tahu lokasinya, dan peta yang dibuatnya akhirnya diwariskan ke Billy Bones. Tentu saja, kini para mantan anak buahnya mengejar Billy dan peta itu.

Dengan peta harta karun di tangan, maka dimulailah petualangan mencari harta karun. Berlayar dengan kapal Hispaniola, Dokter Livesey, Hakim Trelawney, Kapten Smolett dan kawan kita Jim pun menuju ke Karibia. Semuanya bersemangat demi petualangan di laut. Bayangkan serunya suasana di kapal dengan sesekali terdengar nyanyian itu…

“Lima belas orang di dalam peti mati---

Yo-ho-ho dan sebotol rum!”

Namun, petualangan yang semula nampak mengasyikkan itu tak lagi asyik ketika Jim secara tak sengaja mendengar percakapan juru masak kapal dan awak lainnya, saat ia duduk-duduk di dalam tong apel. Siapakah si juru masak yang berkaki satu dengan kakaktua bertengger di bahunya itu? Apakah ia bajak laut berkaki satu yang ditakuti Billy Bones? Kalau begitu mengapa ia ikut dalam pelayaran mencari harta karun ini?

Seperti biasanya, di mana ada harta karun, pastilah akan ada pertarungan dan perebutan di situ. Dan cerita pun bergulir makin cepat dan makin seru saat kapal telah berlabuh di pulau harta karun. Kubu manakah yang akan menemukan harta karun itu lebih dulu?

Karakter paling menarik di kisah ini, tentu saja, adalah kawan kita Jim Hawkins. Sebagai anggota termuda petualangan ini, jangan mengira Jim hanya menjadi awak kapal semata. Paling tidak tiga kali Jim menjadi penyelamat kawan-kawannya berkat campuran antara kenakalan, keberanian dan nasib baik. Boleh dibilang ada semacam transformasi karakter di sini, dari Jim si anak pemilik penginapan, menjadi Jim si pemberani.

Di sisi lain ada Long John Silver si kaki satu, tentu saja. Satu kata yang tepat untuk menggambarkannya adalah: cerdik. Jelas Silver tak seperti bajak laut lainnya, dan ia ditakuti oleh kawan-kawannya karena kecerdikannya. Silver adalah karakter yang eksotis, ada dua sisi dalam karakternya yang akan membuat pembaca agak bingung, namun justru semakin membuat kisah ini semakin seru dan tegang.

Ada lagi yang menarik dari kisah Treasure Island ini. Robert Louis Stevenson rupanya menempatkan beberapa unsur sejarah dalam kisah ini. Salah satunya adalah para bajak laut bernama England, Roberts, Israel Hands dan Kapten Kidd yang disebut-sebut di kisah ini. Mereka memang bajak laut-bajak laut yang pernah hidup dalam sejarah.

Treasure Island pasti telah melambungkan banyak imajinasi remaja dari jaman dulu hingga sekarang. Aku sendiri selalu senang membaca kisah-kisah yang ada unsur pelayaran, dengan kapal maupun kapal selam. Dan Robert Louis Stevenson telah dengan piawai membawa imajinasiku jauh ke Karibia. Empat botol rum untuk Treasure Island, dan tentu saja…. Yo-ho-hooo!

Judul: Treasure Island

Penulis: Robert Louis Stevenson

Penerbit: Atria

Terbit: April 2011

Tebal: 354 hlm